Solution? Keep the standard English spelling. So how can we write in English with runes phonetically, if we have no runes for a whole range of phonemes? There is no way to do so. To be sure, Old Norse did not have any runes for such sounds as well. For instance, Old Norse did not have as in gin, joy or edge, as in she, sure or emotion, as in chair, nature or teach, as in zoo or rose, as in pleasure, vision or beige. Did you ever compare the English and Old Norse phonology? Believe me, the number and character of the phonemes is not the same. The runes were invented for the languages that existed during the periods when these runes were in use and were adapted for the respective phonological systems. We have to write an English saying in runes. Solution? Keep the standard Old Norse spelling.Ĭase B. Reconstructing possible spelling requires years of research and even then it is a mere guess. All the other ways would not be 100% authentic. If you have a quote from a saga and want to get a 100% authentic runic inscription, you should: a) have a Norseman, who lived during the Viking Age, say it the way he used to speak Old Norse in his time b) have him spell it in runes the way he would have done it in his time. Viking Age runic inscriptions are also in Old Norse, but a few hundred years earlier the language was not the same. These texts are the basis for our knowledge of the Old Norse language. Classic sagas were composed, or at least written down, in 1200s. We have to write an Old Norse saying with the Younger Futhark runes.

Let us consider a couple of practical examples.Ĭase A. But this does not mean that runes should be written ‘phonetically’. Roman letters-used for modern English-went through the same stages.Īn authentic runic inscription should not deviate far from the original ways of using runes, agreed. Any writing system develops from a relative lack of uniformity to a growing number of generally accepted rules. Even today we have orthographical differences between British English and US English. Spelling variants are found throughout the ancient literatures. This is not something unique or characteristic for the Viking Age Old Norse language. Where does the whole notion of ‘writing phonetically’ come from? This is simply another way to state that Old Norse inscriptions carved with the Younger Futhark runes did not have a stable spelling. Vikings used runes phonetically, they say, so should we, if we want to get something authentic, do the same?Ī few points have to be cleared up with respect to the way runes were used in the early Middle Ages. The idea of writing phonetically is probably the first thing people hear when they delve into the problem of having a runic inscription.

Elder futhark runes pronunciation